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Holder And Holder-In-Due-Course: - Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Business Environment and Law-The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Holder And Holder-In-Due-Course: - Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
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According to section 8, a holder of a negotiable instrument is “a person entitled in his own name to the possession thereof and to receive or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto.” Thus, a person who has obtained the possession of an instrument by theft or under a forged endorsement is not a holder as is not entitled to recover the amount of the instrument.
Holder
And Holder-In-Due-Course:
According to section 8, a holder of a negotiable instrument is “a person entitled in his own name to the possession thereof and to receive or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto.” Thus, a person who has obtained the possession of an instrument by theft or under a forged endorsement is not a holder as is not entitled to recover the amount of the instrument.
According to section 8, a holder of a negotiable instrument is “a person entitled in his own name to the possession thereof and to receive or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto.” Thus, a person who has obtained the possession of an instrument by theft or under a forged endorsement is not a holder as is not entitled to recover the amount of the instrument.
A ‘holder in-due-course’: Is “a
person who for consideration became
the possessor of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque, if payable to
bearer, or the payee or endorsee thereof, if payable to order, before the
amount mentioned in it becomes payable and without having sufficient cause to
believe that any defect existed in the title of the person from whom he derived
his title (Section 9).”
Ambiguous Instrument (Sec.17): An ambiguous instrument is one which may be construed either as a promissory note or as a bill exchange. The holder may at his option treat it as either and the instrument shall be treated accordingly.
Where Amount is stated differently in Figures and Words (Sec. 18): If the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and in words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid.
Inchoate Instruments (Sec.20): An inchoate instrument means an instrument that is incomplete in certain respects. The person so signing shall be liable upon the instrument, in the capacity in which he signed the same, to any holder-in-due-course for such amount. But, a person other than a holder-in-due-course cannot recover from the person delivering the instrument anything in excess of the amount intended by him to be paid there under.
Minor (Sec. 26): A minor may draw, indorse, deliver and negotiate negotiable instruments so as to bind all parties except himself.
Agency (Sec. 27): Every person capable of binding himself or of being bound may so bind himself or be bound by a duly authorized agent acting in his name.
Liability of Agent Signing (Sec.
28): An agent who signs his name to
a P/N, B/E or Cheque without indicating thereon that he does not intend thereby
to incur personal responsibility, is liable personally on the instrument,
except to those who induced him to sign upon the belief that the principal only
would be held liable.
Liability of Legal Representative (Sec.29): A legal representative of a deceased person who signs his name to a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque is liable thereon, unless he expressly limits his liability to the extent of the assets received by him as such.
Negotiable Instruments Made, etc.: Without Consideration (Sec.43): A negotiable instrument made, drawn, accepted, indorsed or transferred without consideration, or for a consideration which fails, creates no obligation of payment between the parties to the transaction.
Partial Absence or Failure of Money Consideration (Sec.44): When the consideration for which a person signed a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque consisted of money, and was originally absent in part or has subsequently failed in part, the sum which a holder standing in immediate relation with such signer is entitled to receive from him is proportionately reduced.
Partial Failure of Consideration not Consisting of Money (Sec. 45): When a part of the consideration for which a person signed a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque, though not consisting of money, is ascertainable in money without collateral enquiry, and there has been a failure of that part, the sum which a holder standing in immediate relation with such signer is entitled to receive from him is proportionally reduced.
Lost or Stolen Instruments [Sec. 58]: When a negotiable instrument has been lost, or has been obtained from any maker, acceptor or holder thereof by means of an offence or fraud, or for an unlawful consideration, no possessor or indorsee who claims through the person who found or so obtained the instrument is entitled to receive the amount due thereon from such maker, acceptor or holder, or from any party prior to such holder. However, if such possessor or indorsee is a holder, in due course, he shall be entitled to receive the payment thereof.
Lost Instruments: When a bill or note is lost, the
finder acquires no title to it as
against the rightful owner. He is also not entitled to sue the acceptor or
maker in order to enforce payment on it. If the finder obtains payment, the
person who pays it in due course may be able to get a valid discharge for it.
But the true owner can recover the money due on the instrument from the finder.
Stolen Instruments: (1) A person cannot enforce payment of it against any party thereto nor can he retain it against the party from whom he had stolen it. (2) If the thief negotiates the instrument to a purchaser for value who has notice of the theft, the transferee cannot acquire a better title than the thief and thus cannot enforce payment. (3) If a person who has stolen a bill or note payable to bearer transfers it to a holder in due course, he confers a good title on him or any person deriving title from such holder.
Ambiguous Instrument (Sec.17): An ambiguous instrument is one which may be construed either as a promissory note or as a bill exchange. The holder may at his option treat it as either and the instrument shall be treated accordingly.
Where Amount is stated differently in Figures and Words (Sec. 18): If the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and in words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid.
Inchoate Instruments (Sec.20): An inchoate instrument means an instrument that is incomplete in certain respects. The person so signing shall be liable upon the instrument, in the capacity in which he signed the same, to any holder-in-due-course for such amount. But, a person other than a holder-in-due-course cannot recover from the person delivering the instrument anything in excess of the amount intended by him to be paid there under.
Minor (Sec. 26): A minor may draw, indorse, deliver and negotiate negotiable instruments so as to bind all parties except himself.
Agency (Sec. 27): Every person capable of binding himself or of being bound may so bind himself or be bound by a duly authorized agent acting in his name.
Liability of Legal Representative (Sec.29): A legal representative of a deceased person who signs his name to a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque is liable thereon, unless he expressly limits his liability to the extent of the assets received by him as such.
Negotiable Instruments Made, etc.: Without Consideration (Sec.43): A negotiable instrument made, drawn, accepted, indorsed or transferred without consideration, or for a consideration which fails, creates no obligation of payment between the parties to the transaction.
Partial Absence or Failure of Money Consideration (Sec.44): When the consideration for which a person signed a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque consisted of money, and was originally absent in part or has subsequently failed in part, the sum which a holder standing in immediate relation with such signer is entitled to receive from him is proportionately reduced.
Partial Failure of Consideration not Consisting of Money (Sec. 45): When a part of the consideration for which a person signed a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque, though not consisting of money, is ascertainable in money without collateral enquiry, and there has been a failure of that part, the sum which a holder standing in immediate relation with such signer is entitled to receive from him is proportionally reduced.
Lost or Stolen Instruments [Sec. 58]: When a negotiable instrument has been lost, or has been obtained from any maker, acceptor or holder thereof by means of an offence or fraud, or for an unlawful consideration, no possessor or indorsee who claims through the person who found or so obtained the instrument is entitled to receive the amount due thereon from such maker, acceptor or holder, or from any party prior to such holder. However, if such possessor or indorsee is a holder, in due course, he shall be entitled to receive the payment thereof.
Stolen Instruments: (1) A person cannot enforce payment of it against any party thereto nor can he retain it against the party from whom he had stolen it. (2) If the thief negotiates the instrument to a purchaser for value who has notice of the theft, the transferee cannot acquire a better title than the thief and thus cannot enforce payment. (3) If a person who has stolen a bill or note payable to bearer transfers it to a holder in due course, he confers a good title on him or any person deriving title from such holder.
Tags : Business Environment and Law-The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
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