While hdi measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women. The three components used for the purpose are:
Gender Related Development Index (GDI)
While hdi measures average
achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the
inequalities between men and women. The three components used for the purpose
are:
- Female adult literacy and gross enrolment ratio
If gender inequalities were not
penalized, the value of GDI and hdi would be the same, but if gender
inequalities exist, the value of GDI would be lower than that of HDI. The
greater the difference between hdi and gdi, the greater is the gender
inequality.
From the table (refer GDI column)
it may be noted that near gender equality exists in Norway, Canada, United
States, United Kingdom, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federation, Malaysia, Venezuela,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. Countries which indicate higher
gender inequality are Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran , India , Egypt and Nigeria.
Human Poverty Index (HPI)
Human development report 1997
introduced the concept of human poverty index, which concentrates on
deprivation in three essential elements of human life already reflected in HDI
– longevity, knowledge and a decent living standard. The first deprivation is
vulnerability to death at a relatively early age and is represented in the HPI
by the percentage of people expected to die before age 40. The second
deprivation is related to knowledge and is measured by the percentage of adults
who are illiterate. The third deprivation relates to a decent standard of
living, in particular, overall provisioning. This is represented by a composite
of three variables – the percentage of people of
people with access to:
- The percentage of malnourished children under five.
It may be noted that in the case of nigeria, 70.2 %
Of the population suffers from income poverty, but HPI index is 35.1 %.
However, in the case of bangladesh, the situation is totally reversed – HPI
42.2, But income poor population is 36 %. In case of india, proportion of
population below international income poverty line is 34.7 %, But human poverty
index is 31.4.
United Nations Millennium
Declaration For 2015
To Promote HDI:
- To halve the proportion of the world’s people
living on less than $1 a da
- To halve the proportion of the world’s people
suffering from hunger
- To halve the proportion of the world’s
people without access to safe drinking water
- To achieve universal completion of primary
schooling
- To achieve gender equality in access to education
- To reduce maternal mortality ratios by three
quarters
- To reduce under-five mortality rates by two thirds
- To halt and begin to reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases.
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